Showing posts with label Product. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Product. Show all posts

The Mystery of the Flying Laptop


The Mystery of the Flying Laptop - The T.S.A. doesn’t ask for a special look at devices like smartphones, tablets and netbooks that work much like a laptop computer but are smaller.

Standing in line at security at San Francisco International Airport not long ago, family in tow, I dutifully pulled the laptop out of my bag and placed it in a separate bin for its solo trip through the X-ray machine. I also had an iPad in my backpack, so I caught the eye of a security agent. “Excuse me, does the iPad come out too?” I asked. 
“Not here,” she said. “Other airports might be different.”


Reed Saxon, via Associated Press (Vita)



Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

This was not the moment for a follow-up question, but I was curious: What’s the distinction between the devices? Similar shapes, many similar functions, the tablet is thinner but not by much. Is the iPad a lower security risk? What about the punier laptop-like gadgets, the netbooks and ultrabooks? What about my smartphone?

Safely back at my desk, where a follow-up question wouldn’t risk triggering delays that could spread throughout the nation’s air traffic system, I began investigating what seems like an existential question for the digital age: When is a laptop a laptop?

There must be a reason the laptop is singled out as the bad boy of electronics at the airport. Or has the world of gadgets moved so quickly since 2001 when the laptop rule went into effect — and back when the tablet and smartphone were still in the incubator — that federal regulators have not kept up?

I called Bruce Schneier, the security chief for British Telecom and a long-time security expert with hundreds of thousands of miles of airline travel under his belt (a belt that, he noted with pride, never beeps in security because he’s chosen it carefully). If the laptop question confused me, it had him sounding baffled.

“Is it thicker than an inch, wider than a piece of paper, bluer than the sky? Who cares? It’s all nonsense,” said Mr. Schneier, who is also the author of a new book on the psychology of security, “Liars and Outliers.”

Next stop: T.S.A. They ought to know, right? It’s their rule.

A spokesman said the agency has its reasons for still requiring that traditional laptops go through X-ray machines in a separate bin. But he declined to share them, saying the agency didn’t want to betray any secrets.

As I did more reporting, the logic behind the rule grew as elusive as a free power outlet in the boarding area. Is size the issue? If so, security experts counter, today’s laptops are far thinner than they used to be.

Could it be because laptops, unlike tablet computers, have an easily removable battery compartment and hard drive that could be used to hide homemade bombs? But some netbooks and ultrabooks have similar compartments, and they don’t require separate screening. Strike two.

Perhaps, I thought, it’s because the circuitry of a laptop can be replaced with a device to send an electromagnetic signal to jam an airplane’s controls at takeoff or landing. But, as I soon learned, the same circuitry could be embedded just as easily in phones, watches or game players, all of which stay in the bag.

I was starting to feel like a Monty Python character, riding a pretend horse, clomping my coconut halves together to simulate the sound of horse hooves. A comical quest for a mythical grail.

The T.S.A. wouldn’t comment, obviously, on whether laptops are better carrying cases for bombs. But the agency’s “blogger team” was on the case, having published several posts that acknowledge the potential confusion created by the popularity of so many new gadgets like digital readers and tablets.

“I’ve read many a post from people wondering if these items should be treated like a laptop and removed from their carry-on bags,” reads the first T.S.A. post on the subject, from April 2010, in an explanation signed “Blogger Bob, T.S.A. Blog Team.” Bob then writes: “Great question!”

Right, like quantum mechanics. About six months later, Bob chimed in again, writing a post in response to questions about the MacBook Air, a new line of slimmer Apple laptops. He reiterated the previous rules but added an extra rule related to screen size, measured in inches.

Imagemore Co., Ltd./Corbis

A laptop, always relegated to a separate bin, gets the X-ray once-over in an airport security line.


David Paul Morris/Bloomberg News


“With those rules in mind, the 11” model of the MacBook Air is fine to leave in your bag, and the 13” model must be removed prior to X-ray screening.”

So wait. Screen size is the guiding principle? At last, fellow travelers, a lead. I went back to present my smoking gun to security.

Michael McCarthy, a T.S.A. spokesman, would only reiterate the agency’s position about laptops, declining to elaborate. The blog post from November concludes by offering, if not more clarity, then at least good wishes: “Removing laptops or anything resembling a laptop has become part of our security DNA, so we thought it best to send out a refresher to our workforce. Enjoy your gadgets! I know I do ... ”

Insert sound of clomping coconuts. This quest wasn’t leading to clear answers, nor particular enjoyment, just more theories.

So I turned to Robert Mann, an airline industry analyst, who, it seemed, might finally put the matter to rest. “I can only assume that it’s the volume of the device,” he began promisingly. “But,” he continued, “some laptops and certainly many netbooks are actually smaller than the so-called tablets. Yet by being a so-called laptop they would probably fall under the security net.” He paused, then added, “It’s a difference without a distinction, at least from a security standpoint.”

BACK to zero. Until I happened upon a security expert who asked that he not be identified because he has worked on related issues with the Department of Homeland Security. He said that the laptop rule is about appearances, giving people a sense that something is being done to protect them. “Security theater,” he called it.

Mystery solved? Quest completed or at least abandoned, coconuts retired. Maybe this wasn’t about security after all; it was about making us think it is about security.

Just when I’d decided it was time to limit my airport questions to asking about the whereabouts of the nearest power outlet, this source added an ominous twist: If the government really wanted to cover the dangers posed by electronics, he said, it would need to carefully inspect all manner of electronics, from phones to netbooks to tablets, to look for increasingly small and sophisticated weapons.

However, he added, “banning every computer-related device on planes would be absurd.” ( nytimes.com )

READ MORE - The Mystery of the Flying Laptop

Radiation Found in U.S. Milk


Radiation Found in U.S. Milk -- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is increasing its nationwide monitoring of radiation as two states reported very low levels of radiation in milk.

The agency said Wednesday it is boosting its monitoring of radiation in milk, precipitation, drinking water, and other outlets. It already tracks radiation in those potential exposure routes through an existing network of stations across the country.


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0mLkdCxEKD/wDK2JhuW2zNUEOAAnmjqZuSB2nFPkqf3FU2NQs8k2lyJk9gNh7YneD8LzmVylaqpJqEAqiw0CfPqm/yHrjM21ei/M8q5ha7UkBYJEne5vHyEHAGY4bUSqaRSWETFt9hih5d4tXpUa2ZrLqKgAM8qW1HoCP7GDOWuOLWqvVrCNI1ONMm1heLCLThyrQmQykwPQfyw5GRLrpZQ42vjmnS0qCImBufQY1pcQpqwLVI9OmOfToRZ7lxqBDLemenVffuPXG7Zhl0okCbu3UD8Pqe5w/z2ZVqZMgoQZIvaL/wn5Y8+yPNqvTAqeV9vQ4x2lzlOPItMUwWkddz33/vtgDmLmVKK0WJ1aiyk9QAJk/OMR/+bhTOqb7b/T1wHn6rZhw72AHlX0PWN/n0thzfY0xzXEU8ZmRgEfzMZ/a2NvXGOdz4qotKBoDA6jYmP4YC+xiNrd/9sOsnw1KRTxBJewJ2HWCOpP0w4PZ3W4fRfK1IRAwU6IFwR1nv9cJuDcH1yXFh0PU+3p64rMjSGggj5YHy+XCkgiAbjuD/AAI+U4iz4fn6FFoPkAMfCd/f6Y2oVFdiaaGJJJ7epxvSqJs3ttjLgeSemGBcFb229sSGiqpQh11KbEbz6Rg3heUUOSo0iI09rbYEy1IgCd4vGDlohhpuAexI/PFE+vRVidLAgG+k7e+DsohJgtbHWVySqtgBO/r740ydMd8dIzaC4ggBwRw+bRgHitQaiB3jBfDKwHtgnl2seX88cLL56tUR2DyF7jyqB0v0wq4Tx2rlq4FfzK4Kk2kjoZ6wYN7274o8/TZqtSoRqJdjba5/rhNx3KU3SsajaVp6QrGTDTsI3O9v98O7Qq81nxSQKvm1mbGbQNMfKPzwTm+IimqKSVdkJiSIBOxG0kjr2xEcDzrHwW+IBRIPv3wa/F/HzbNVAVZAESQFHynD61LVM0go6GhtQMqwmfxH2/n6Y44bwiiKFVdGlXGltHbpf3xJVuJivmj4JMAhFiRbqYw743xJqDU6SmSAHf8AkManki9OKCqq6CCDAsZO2NsjSFOprqDUselvrviIyaRFyJ+s9MHig7WIJJsQZMHoY6D+mOEjejOYePK7OlGRqGk3tHXTFpMQSNsIKeV7/Tv6e/rh5V4SwJUjzjdQZ9iY6YGzFMqAogOx0gdo3PyF4w4yDp5c/XpF/wD9DBlHIFSOg/O235TjdwApjczt3xM5PPlXOtzB6kkm0x9dj8sMmpS+OAxA6RIj5/zxS5SuDE4gM1xsCy7wLx0PbFJwrPkohaxIE4LDKsaAXUGm0Qcfs9WRoCjbCg5qBj7QzcnGbWhdbLs0aWiOn73oT0GCciCQyshjYg/yOBka+GuTMxhiGZZCeh2i/wDDHdIQY6jB+TQRcxhbTfzn3xqzGYcU08hJ7HHGUjrjjO5sJl2ZiAALk4ns/wAzU0pN4bBnIgHcAnqfQTMYfkFzceSqWKsD5j19T0x3V4qAnxXNonEImQYvoAlh0G/qZsI/EYGGdfPU8qkk6nO0f+E//c27DrjOdrTjM56nQTU7aev8YEe/9O+PPOLcVbMEA2TUdKjqT6e+DajVczUDG6dugv1nrcX3MjAPEKIbMMiWWmukfzJ9ZOOkgp1kMwiLa8Slu4sca5cRLelsA5fSECxfuMa1kPlAMg/lhUF8KoQ+syNN9QsfrjPLVHauWJL6mBbUZsNr4+DMkCB85x8r5rwkZgQGjyz3wrWuQyCtcSwImF9ty2wwfk2DGx0pswUEa/8AqME+8DDAEUajUgPKIKn0IBg+xJxzVyeqYO+OO62OyLU1kyoUQAPXvidzxbxnK/CTYHDdKdIKE0nxBBJI+H67neMYZumARiRC5YyBE9Qe3p64muK5YK5Hcal9juPqP44f8SpaKgqixHxeo7fXE1mi2hSTddj6G8fXHSMUy4UquhKgalG8+8fLe3cDDbg8+Go6iRiZyeYNMhgY2P8AY64q8qixqWwe8dvT859sZ8jDSq9sDtmSMai4xjmKYVQzd4A6sewHXHOzWlBQrgqD6DDfIVe2IWhmXQAGQeoNvyOH3As8WaJJAO0emNRLrI1TAn4rQvr0n598J0zBNV7z5jfvfDHI1VQC8mNzeetseacc4xVpVB4TkAgkyALlj+0ev4Rc43ex6W3N3E0GXFIkFqkW/CDJMfIYlsvSnayixPbsI/absowv4fkKmrxcwzEvBAJ87iJk/wDtp879MAcX5mYtoy5uNmXZR2QdPVjc/lgzsSj+N8dp0ZRAC5jV1JjYuevoot74UcM4Q+YfXVeJ2BNyfQdvXphjy/ycxXxqoNhIU7t/MD8zisyuWpgCKYEegEYUivtOlzqELSBJQbSogD3nrhNwkHzO27mTjvjWaJRz1quT8pJxvlaelQO2NMiQATbH4SCT2tjg2uOmOkYgAfXEWiVv3r4Er0PEa22CahWLYzRMQOKHMFdjrFFWkqs6XIkiy2PxGLDc47rc3VVn7qnI6Qw/8sBcA5tTLKUdHb7ynVQiLMgMG53BOD83zRl2oaadI+JFQa2p0ra4m+ozEGDAInuJJZFtBcT5qzOinVFAaWYorBHhj+6GmCwMGBfCU8cqtWlVOtiAUhiS2wAEzM2gdcH0OYEpU6cGqKiVqb2gaQpb4HDaoKs3kKgAsx1HbCoVaRrrULVVRnZqnhgB1BY/AS0FivWwBPWLuRbTHinEsz4LK+WZArBajtTcaWNwpJsrEGYMGMIKtOp5gyERZpBGknaexPScU+d5ip+G4peNqClKUqqhVmmwJ+9dgyeHAu0+UkgiMA8S5gNUZlfvNNeqlVQxsCJDFr/ERF74MgT2lvDEqQJMGDeNwOhifzw9yKZyktSk+XqgIAz6qVQGmDOlmt5RvBO4nGDcaBShTZqg8LxACAGgMykBNTDTBBMiCD7zhln+Y8sEq00NZqRUCmlSlSkkCoBqfxGdWDVC+tD5iSNKjG7IpWeV4nmZARDUBbQIVjLm+kEftRsu+Nk5kr0/N4Y84IkhvNFjpM2jY6b4L5e5to06NGn4THwytU1AfP4oadQGsJAUaNRGqMa5zmOm9TLMlNlWg5fTIF2YOdJEwdWqCRbyn0xnJFtAsufaoVOVrGrGsr4NUtBO5WNUdJ2wRkOI5uivjfZ2FMx94adQJ2+P4d7b4xGdygR6OvNeGwEMUQkEVA8Cn44VR3IcybwMYcT4oK4YhSv39WqZ2h1pKJPVvuySYuT9C+MMtegUeNkJTeJZlBCi5LEC3tOENSjSpkVKhV3Bi5mmhnts7yYHQY4/zSnQoJeC1NYJsz2+Edk6fx7YmtGYzdSCsKCQEUWHcKDb3Y2GMzxbrXifGquaZqdOQk+dm+JoJgt1B/CMUfBuThQVXqCSbgH+Lev4dh64b8r8BFMAsJcdY/PvPQk3w/4zlyKamIEwPoca3oYwp1R4Lexwj4vmzTy1RtyV0qB1LeUAet8dcW4g1LLsVEs0Kojck7R7YiuNcaqsNGoFl+Irsg6hT1a8Fumw6nFipdmCpdaYg6Y1HoCLwvrO59IwWrYVcKUklthsBhkZA2nGmY0YX39f0x2h74xpk798bFvTAX6qe2OFY7Y+kWx+Awh//9k=


Results from screening samples of milk taken in the past week in Spokane, Washington, and in San Luis Obispo County, California, detected radioactive iodine at a level 5,000 times lower than the limit set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, officials said.

The I-131 isotope has a very short half-life of about eight days, the EPA said, so the level detected in milk and milk products is expected to drop relatively quickly.

FDA senior scientist Patricia Hansen also said the findings are "miniscule" compared to what people experience every day.

Washington Gov. Chris Gregoire said tests confirmed the milk is safe to drink.

"This morning I spoke with the chief advisers for both the EPA and the FDA and they confirmed that these levels are miniscule and are far below levels of public health concern, including for infants and children," Gregoire said in a statement.

"According to them, a pint of milk at these levels would expose an individual to less radiation than would a five-hour airplane flight."

Similarly, the California Department of Public Health reassured residents that the levels do not pose a threat.

"When radioactive material is spread through the atmosphere, it drops to the ground and gets in the environment. When cows consume grass, hay, feed, and water, radioactivity will be processed and become part of the milk we drink. However, the amounts are so small they pose no threat to public health," the department said.

At least 15 states have reported radioisotopes from Japan's crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in air or water or both. No states have recommended that residents take potassium iodide, a salt that protects the thyroid gland from radioactive iodine.

Iodine-131 has been found in eastern states from Florida to Massachusetts as well as in western states like Oregon, Colorado, and California, according to sensors and officials in those states.

None of the levels poses a risk to public health, they said.

The Japanese plant has been leaking radiation since it was damaged in the earthquake and resulting tsunami earlier this month. ( CNN )

READ MORE - Radiation Found in U.S. Milk

Choosing the Best Credit Card


Choosing the Best Credit Card - CardRatings.com has been helping consumers find the best credit cards since 1998. Our editors personally rate and review credit card offers to help you find the best deals available. And if you ever have trouble finding the best credit card, just ask our collection of industry experts.

Our editors review credit cards from all major issuers as well as from many regional banks and credit unions. Here are just a few of the banks currently listed in our extensive database:


http://www.cardratings.com/common/img/best-credit-card-1.jpg


American Express: For years, American Express has been known for their wide selection of charge cards, premium card benefits and impeccable customer service.

Capital One: Capital One offers a variety of credit cards. Although well known for their “No Hassle” rewards cards, they also offer low introductory rate, student and business credit cards. Most Capital One credit cards do not have a foreign transaction fee.

Chase: Chase Bank issues very competitive rewards credit cards, including the Chase Freedom, Sapphire and Ink Business cards. They also issue a host of co-branded credit cards and several low interest, 0% APR and balance transfer cards.

Citi:Citi credit cards are distributed fairly equally among the various credit card types. However, one of their most popular credit cards—the ® Platinum Select® MasterCard® maintains one of the best balance transfer offers on the market.

Discover:Discover Card pioneered cash back credit cards in 1986, and though other issuers have followed suit, Discover has remained competitive and still offers some of the best credit card deals around.

HSBC: HSBC offers a number of credit cards for bad or limited credit. They offer secured and unsecured cards depending on your credit score. HSBC also issues Orchard Bank credit cards.

MasterCard: MasterCard is a widely accepted credit card payment network associated with many bank credit cards and debit cards.

Visa: Visa is a large payment network. Visa is associated with credit cards and debit cards from most issuers.





Is it safe to apply for a credit card online?

We're often asked if it's safe to complete a credit card application online. These days, it's probably one of the safest methods available. At CardRatings.com, when you find the best credit card for you, we direct you straight to the card issuer's SSL-protected website. Banks and other issuers use the latest encryption technology to protect all online credit card applications. How can you be sure your info is safe? You'll see "https" in the address bar of your browser, instead of the usual "http". In this case, the "s" stands for secure. ( cardratings.com )


READ MORE - Choosing the Best Credit Card

Social media 'one part' of Google strategy


Social media 'one part' of Google strategy - Internet giant Google said social media was "absolutely" part of its strategy and would be embedded in "many of our products" but played down its rivalry with networking icon Facebook.

Chief financial officer Patrick Pichette on Sunday said Google was at the centre of an exploding digital economy where computer power was "relentlessly, dramatically increasing" and innovation was crucial to survival.

"Search is clearly the core product of Google but many of our other products are having phenomenal trajectories," Pichette told Australian public television.


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Internet giant Google said social media was "absolutely" part of its strategy and would be


"The first driving principle of Google is in fact not money -- the first driving principle of Google is understanding that the Internet is changing the world," he added.

Pichette said Amazon and Apple were "winning" in the new technology race and Microsoft was a "formidable" competitor, but played down as media hype suggestions that Facebook was Google's next big rival.

"The digital world is exploding and it has so many chapters -- it has cloud computing, it has mobile, it does have social, it has searches, it has so many elements. Within that... social (networking) is just one chapter," said Pichette.

"Yes, absolutely it will be part of our strategy, yes it will be embedded in many of our products. But at the same time remember it's one chapter of an entire book."

It follows Facebook's launch of a next-generation messaging service this month, seen as a major challenge to Google's Gmail and fellow web-based email providers Yahoo! and Microsoft.

Microsoft's Hotmail currently has the most users, 361.7 million as of September, according to online tracking firm comScore, followed by Yahoo! with 273.1 million and Gmail with 193.3 million.

Pichette said Google's Android platform for mobile devices was a "fantastic opportunity" for the company, powering 200,000 handsets every 24 hours.

Android users also performed searches 50 times more frequently than people using other mobile devices, with obvious benefits for Google, he added.

"Now that everybody has a smartphone everybody searches, so these few hundred engineers (who developed Android) have accelerated (a market that) would have taken 10 years to develop into a few years," he said. ( Agence France Presse )

"My payback is absolutely unreal."


READ MORE - Social media 'one part' of Google strategy

Rubber cars are the future


Rubber cars are the future. Think how much more fun it would be if there was a pleasing 'boing' and not a crunch when we crashed.

The studio director of Top Gear lost a door mirror the other day. His and the one on the car going the other way became briefly embroiled in a territorial dispute and the result, which Frankie Goes To Hollywood said could only ever be one, was actually nil-nil.


A rubber tree farmer in Malaysia
Car plant: rubber could be used to save us from costly accidents


Somewhere in the road, there is yet another miserable pile of shattered plastic in two contrasting colours, gradually making its way towards the gutter. Apparently, this goes on all the time, although I wish to boast that I've never done it.

A coming together of wing mirrors must count as a crash, surely? If a car comes into contact with anything, it's an accident of some sort. Now I think about this, I'm amazed. A car might be expected to last for 20 years, but in all that time it is only intended to make contact, through its tyres, with the road surface, and absolutely nothing else.

Looking out of the window at all the other things there are in the world, not least all the other cars, this looks like a big ask. There can't be a car built throughout history that has gone through life without having a collision of some sort. Imagine that. Every car that ever was had a crash. We wouldn't stand for this sort of thing with railway locomotives or cruise liners.

The situation will, of course, only become worse. The number of cars is increasing, so is the number of bollards, width restrictors, traffic light posts, warning signs and pavement cafés. All these things invite a car crash.

So: given that, as fallible beings, we are incapable of driving cars as intended, it must be time to deal with the world the way the world is and design a car that can be crashed with impunity.

Once, this basic human failing was addressed with chrome bumpers, which could be beaten back to shape or simply replaced. Volvos had huge deformable bumpers, which would have been a good idea if everyone else had them as well.

But the bumper is now part of the bodywork and often in the same colour, although only until you drive into something. And, as we have seen, you will.

Recently, there have been a few minor accidents in the May household's Fiat Panda, the responsibility of one who is in every other respect spotless and makes excellent baked fish dishes, of which I have been fulsomely reminded. Nevertheless, she's crashed the car.

The Panda has small rubber inserts at its corners, a damning acknowledgement that it will be crashed at some point and that painting the so-called "bumpers" the same as the bodywork was ludicrously optimistic.

These would be great if they happened to line up precisely with similar rubber inserts in the rear bumper of, say, my neighbour's Audi. But they didn't. It follows that if the whole front and rear of both cars was made from soft deformable rubber, I'd be slightly better off. But why stop there? Why not make the whole body out of rubber?

Not only would a rubber car save us a great deal of heartache and inconvenience, it would actually make small accidents quite amusing. Traffic flow would be greatly improved if people stopped jockeying timorously for position and just bounced off each other and kept going. Why become bogged down in convoluted insurance claims? Why not just rebound and move on?

Cynics, material scientists and others with no vision will want to point out that rubber is actually quite heavy, and lacks rigidity. Well look; obviously the internal safety cell would have to be made of steel or aluminium or plastic composites, but the externals can be rubber.

I have in mind a sandwich of different rubbers increasing in density and resilience from the outside in. This would make minor collisions unnoticeable, be good for pedestrian safety and would automatically graduate the rate of occupant deceleration in a more vigorous shunt.

Most of the physics involved is already perfectly well understood. All modern cars are designed to deform progressively in an impact, so that energy is absorbed, redirected to different bits of the structure, and so on.

How much easier life would be if cars simply sprang back to shape afterwards, preferably with a comic "boing" noise. Who thought cars that deform only once, and permanently, was a good idea? It would be like having buttocks that remain flattened after you've sat on a chair. You know I'm talking sense here.

Put it this way. Does anyone out there think that footballs should be made from aluminium foil? ( telegraph.co.uk )

Thought not.

READ MORE - Rubber cars are the future

The economic impact of Aids


The economic impact of Aids. An economic collapse in South Africa is predicted within four generations, if more isn't done to stem the epidemic here, a recent World Bank study forewarns.

More than 20 percent of the country's citizens in the 15-49-age group are currently infected and it is estimated that the rainbow nation could lose half of its per capita income in the next few generations if drastic measures aren't taken.

South Africa has the world's highest number of HIV infections, namely 5,3 million.

The effect of high adult mortality rates

In the latest World Bank study it was demonstrated that Aids not only destroys existing human capital, but that the disease also weakens the way in which knowledge and experiences are transmitted from one generation to the next, since children of HIV/Aids victims are often left without role models to educate them.

A rise in premature adult mortality also lowers investments in education and the proportion of households that can afford to send children off to school, and orphans are instantly subjected to a life of poverty.

This situation could have a dramatic impact on future productivity, researchers reckon.

The study was led by Prof Clive Bell, professor of economics at Heidelberg University, Mr Shanta Devarajan, chief economist of the World Bank's Human Development Network, and Prof Hans Gersbach, also of Heidelberg University.

An even clearer picture

Previous studies and preliminary assessments pointed to several features of the Aids epidemic that are likely to have severe economic implications.

In another World Bank study on the macro implications of HIV/Aids in South Africa (2000), three characteristics of the epidemic were highlighted for their potential impact on the country's economic activity:

  • Aids tends to strike young adults. This means that Aids reduces life expectancy and the rate of population growth, increasing the burden on the working age population – the same population that also needs to look after sick relatives and orphaned children.
  • Aids is very slow moving. The time span between infection and death is generally in the range of eight to ten years. Initially, the productivity of the HIV-infected individual will not be significantly affected, but as the infection progresses into full-blown Aids, labour productivity will decline. This has implications for supply of goods and services, while a subsequent increase in medical costs will have implications for demand.
  • Infection rates differ by skill class. Previous research indicated that semi-skilled and unskilled workers are more frequently affected than highly skilled workers. This could mean that the average productivity of unskilled labour would decrease and that overall demand for unskilled labour could take a similar plunge as machinery replaces manual labour - a situation that could exacerbate unemployment.

All is not lost

If projections are made from current data to 2010, it looks as if mortality rates will rise to 36 percent for males and 54 percent for females within the next six years. Only 29 percent of children would not experience parental loss, the latest research indicates.

However, all is not lost, experts reckon. If the South African government acts quickly and effectively, economic growth can still be maintained – although to a much lesser degree than would have been the case in the absence of Aids.

World Bank researchers call for a more aggressive approach to combating the epidemic.

Possible solutions

The experts involved in the 2003-released World Bank study suggested the following courses of action:

  • Spending on measures to contain the disease and treating the infected with anti-retrovirals in order to prolong lives;
  • Aiding orphans, either by providing income support or by subsidising households that send children to school;
  • Claiming tax to finance expenditures.
One of the researchers, Clive Bell, also noted that targeting prostitutes and their clients by providing free condoms could be an important avenue in the fight against the disease. – ( health24.com )


READ MORE - The economic impact of Aids

In search of an Aids vaccine


In search of an Aids vaccine. After a disappointing year of research findings, scientists are little closer to developing the Holy Grail of Aids prevention - a successful vaccine. But researchers, doctors and activists still hope to find success by the end of the decade

Carefully optimistic

At stake is a way to stop the transmission of Aids without relying on humans to reduce their tendencies toward risky sexual behaviour. If scientists are successful, the disease could head toward decline.

All of us are cautiously optimistic, says Wayne Koff, senior vice president of research and development at the International Aids Vaccine Initiative, an advocacy organisation.

The epidemic, which began more than two decades ago, has killed an estimated 23 million to 25 million people worldwide so far.

Surprising findings

Researchers earlier this year reached the end of the most extensive vaccine study to date - the so-called AIDSVAX vaccine that was administered to people in the United States.

To the astonishment of experts, the vaccine failed to protect against Aids infection among whites and Latinos, but worked quite well for blacks and Asians. Many critics quickly discounted the study, saying it was too small because only a few hundred non-whites were included among the 5 400 subjects. Others wondered if some genetic difference between the races could account for the discrepancy.

In November, researchers released the results of another study that examined a variation on the AIDSVAX vaccine geared toward Aids strains that are common in Asia. The vaccine, given to half of a group of 2 546 intravenous drug users in Thailand, failed to do any better than a placebo given to the other half.

Vaccines, of course, are available to combat a variety of diseases, from mumps and measles to smallpox and polio. Even chicken pox, the usually mild but sometimes disfiguring perennial disease of childhood, has given up the ghost to a vaccine.

Why the challenge?

Considering the record of vaccine success, why is Aids such a challenge?

There are two hurdles, says Dr Steve Black, director of the Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center in California. One is that the virus itself is attacking the immune system. It's attacking your body's main defense against the disease. Even if you have a vaccine that generates an appropriate immune response, there's no way to make sure the infection itself won't undermine that.

The other challenge lies in the ability of HIV - the Aids virus - to morph into different forms. Other diseases simply don't do that, Black says. Measles is measles, pretty much. If you vaccinate people, they're protected.

Aids, on the other hand, is more like the influenza virus, which changes so often that pharmaceutical companies must tinker with the formulation of flu vaccines each year. HIV does that at even a faster clip, Black says.

A live attenuated vaccine

One possible solution for the first part of the challenge would be to use what's called a live attenuated vaccine - a harmless, weakened form of the Aids virus that would force the immune system to permanently create antibodies, the microscopic soldiers permanently on guard against a specific germ.

The polio vaccine, among others, works in that way. When the body sees the polio virus, it can attack and neutralise it, you don't get the disease, Koff says.

But there's a problem. In HIV, you can elicit a lot of antibodies and they can bind to HIV, but most of them are not effective in neutralising HIV in the right way, Koff says.

Combination vaccine

Koff and other experts suspect that the most feasible approach may be to design a combination vaccine that both primes the immune system and arms cells themselves against the bits of virus that make it past the first wall of defense. The second part of the vaccine would stimulate the immune system to produce cells that are capable of killing the virally infected cells, Koff says. It's not the first line of defense. It's the next line of defense.

For now, a useable vaccine appears to be years off. While about 20 vaccines are in or near the stage of studies in humans, only the AIDSVAX vaccines and one more vaccine have reached the final phases of research, Koff says. Results of the study of the latter vaccine, derived from a canary virus, are pending.

It's conceivable to have a partially effective vaccine by the end of the decade, Koff says. It can have significant benefit on the public health. Remember that 15 000 people a day are becoming infected with HIV. Even if you have a vaccine that's 40 to 50 percent effective, you can make a significant amount of impact. - ( health24.com )



READ MORE - In search of an Aids vaccine

The most effective HIV drugs


The most effective HIV drugs. Researchers have identified a specific combination of three drugs that seems to be the best starting point for attacking HIV, the virus that causes Aids.

Delay of additional drug combos

Patients who were started on this particular regimen of zidovudine (ZDV or AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and efavirenz (EFV) delayed having to move on to additional drug combinations, a new study says.

A second report from the same study found that four-drug regimens were better than most three-drug regimens - except for this particular combination of zidovudine/lamivudine/efavirenz - in providing prolonged protection against the virus.

Chess game analogy

Dr Charles Gonzalez, a specialist in infectious diseases and immunology at New York University Medical Center's Aids Clinical Trial Center, compares the design of the study, and the treatment of HIV, to a three-dimensional chess game.


A doctor plays with the virus every day when he has to decide what set of moves he makes, Gonzalez says. If I make this, this and this move, what is the first best move? Then, after I've made that move, which first move allows me to make a second move if there's any problem. This study really does answer that question.

Gonzalez's centre had 20 patients involved in the trial.

Both reports appear in the Dec. 11 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine. The preliminary findings were presented at the 2002 International Aids Conference in Barcelona, Spain, and have already been incorporated into HIV/Aids treatment guidelines from the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Not a dramatic change in practice

This will probably not change practice terribly much because some of the preliminary data was infused into the (HHS) guidelines that just came out, Gonzalez says. This article essentially says the experts are right, in terms of what to start with.


Combination therapy has been the treatment of choice for HIV/Aids since the 1990s and has essentially transformed a sure killer into a disease that can be managed - at least in the developed world where patients can gain access to the medicines. When one drug combination stops working, as it often does, doctors switch the patient to another.

Many unanswered questions

Still, several questions remained unanswered, including what is the better regimen to start with and what is the better order to give the drugs in.


The clinical goal is to pick a regimen that patients tolerate and that provides a durable response and also keeps options open for the future knowing many patients are ultimately going to fail the first or second regimen, says study leader Dr Gregory Robbins, an infectious disease specialist at Massachusetts General Hospital.

First part of the study

The first part of the study compared four different three-drug regimens in 620 patients at 79 sites in the United States and Italy. The participants, none of whom had been previously treated, were followed for a median of 2,3 years, much longer than previous studies.


Although all drug regimens helped to control HIV infection, when it came to preventing Aids progression and death, the three-drug combination of efavirenz, zidovudine and lamivudine outperformed the other three drug regimens in preventing the initial failure, Robbins says. After 48 weeks on this regimen, about 10 percent of patients' drug therapies had failed, compared with 30 percent to 40 percent in the other three-drug groups.

There was something about the actual combination that appeared to make the regimen more effective, Robbins says. That's an area of active research for us to understand - the potential synergy of this combination.

Individuals receiving this combination also experienced fewer toxic side effects than those receiving the combination of didanosine and stavudine. Experts are now concluding this latter combination should be avoided when possible.

Second part of the study

The second part of the study compared a four-drug regimen with two consecutive three-drug combinations. Three hundred sixty people received one of two four-drug treatments: efavirenz and nelfinavir in combination with either didanosine and stavudine or zidovudine and lamivudine.


Although four-drug combinations were no more effective than sequential three-drug regimens, four-drug regimens delayed drug failure longer, except when compared with the efavirenz-zidovudine-lamivudine combination.

Since four-drug regimens may be more toxic, more expensive, more complicated and may limit future treatment options, the three-drug regimen emerged as the best option for initial therapy in this study.

Is four better than three?

The obvious question that we've all been asking in clinic is whether four is better than three and what this study showed is that they aren't any different than the sequential threes, but it is better for delaying the first failure, Robbins says. As a result, we don't need to use four drugs and expose people to additional toxicity, additional costs and potentially taking away that option in the future.


As a result of this and other studies, the guidelines for treating HIV/Aids are much more specific. The efavirenz-zidovudine-lamivudine combination is one of the three preferred initial regimens outlined by the HHS.

We now know that just selecting or substituting drugs as part of a regimen might change their potency, Robbins says. We don't understand that interaction. We need to explore that. - (health24.com)


READ MORE - The most effective HIV drugs

How the World's Largest Cruise Ship Floats


How the World's Largest Cruise Ship Floats. The world's largest cruise ship is making its first transatlantic crossing from Finland to Fort Lauderdale, Fla., where it will make its U.S. debut. Though colossal, the ship relies on the same physical principles as its smaller brethren to stay afloat.

The massive ship, called the Oasis of the Seas and built by STX Finland for Royal Caribbean International, stands 20 stories high, is as long as four football fields, and can accommodate 5,400 guests at double occupancy.


On Oct. 31, the Oasis of the Seas retracted its smokestacks to pass under the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark. Credit: Oasis of the Seas.

The two typical measures of size are length and weight, which is measured as displacement, or the weight of water the ship must displace to stay afloat. "She is 1,180 feet long and displaces 100,000 tons," said Paul Miller of the Department of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering at the U.S. Naval Academy in Maryland, referring to the Oasis of the Seas.

For comparison, the RMS Titanic, which sank in 1912, was 883 feet long (269 meters) and weighed about 58,000 tons.

In terms of space available, the Oasis is nearly five times larger than the Titanic. Specifically, the Oasis can hold 225,282 gross registered tons, while the Titanic could hold 46,329 grt.

This measurement was derived long ago to describe a ship's space for a common cargo — wine. Since wine was shipped in "tuns" that each held 8 barrels or about 242 gallons, a ship that could carry 8,000 wine barrels was considered a 1,000-tun ship. "Tun" evolved into "ton" and then into "gross registered ton."

The Oasis is 50 percent larger than the runner-up, which is a group of Freedom-class ships (such as Freedom of the Seas), according to Royal Caribbean International.

Staying above water

How does such a huge ship float?

"It's just like any other ship. It has to displace an equal amount of water to how much it weighs," said Matthew Collette, assistant professor of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering at the University of Michigan. If it didn't, the ship would sink.

To displace this amount of water, and keep the ship stable without having a massive draft beneath the water, the designers created a wide hull.

"To keep it stable they had to make the ship very wide. It's 66 meters (217 feet) wide," Collette said. That means the Oasis can't fit through the Panama Canal, which is just 105 feet (32 meters).

About 30 feet (9 meters) of the ship sits beneath the water, which is a small percentage of the ship's overall height.

Dealing with the elements

The idea of a cruise generally means sunny skies, and such ships will change their ports of call to avoid large storms or hurricanes, Collette said. That's not to say rough seas are out of the question.

"It's hard to know for sure how this ship would ride without knowing the details of its design, but wide, shallow ships such as this tend to be 'snappy' in that they have so much stability they tend to snap back upright after a wave has passed, which can be uncomfortable to be on," Collette said. "The sheer size of this ship will also help it, as larger ships tend to be better rides in rough weather."

Another issue is the superstructure, or the part of the ship that extends above the main deck.

"We have learned how to design and build large ships successfully," said Miller, the engineer with the U.S. Naval Academy. "What is a bit challenging about this ship is the amount of superstructure. That can cause windage problems in hurricanes, but the basic idea of cruise ships is to run away from them."

While this ship will likely stay in warm tropical waters, what if it did stray and come upon a titanic iceberg? "The ship is bigger and generally able to take more damage than a smaller ship," Collette said. "However, as the ship is bigger, it has more kinetic energy to dissipate if it was involved in a collision, which may mean it would also suffer more damage."

And no matter the size of a water craft, rogue waves are always a concern. Rogue waves are rare but towering problems that can soar 100 feet and are known to sink large cargo ships. Scientists have only recently begun to figure out what's behind the once-mythical waves. A study in 2008 suggested that in rare circumstances, waves that would normally cancel each other out can combine to form tall monsters in quick fashion.

The Oasis is no low-riding cargo ship, however.

"If it was struck by one I would expect there to be some local damage at the point of impact — maybe some broken portholes or bent railings, but little else," Collette said. "All ships are designed to make the chance of large-scale structural collapse very remote."

Cozy quarters

And while the ship's behemoth size is garnering plenty of attention, the goal of such a cruise ship is to make it feel small. To do this, the Oasis is divided up into various themed neighborhoods, including parks, such as one themed after Central Park, boardwalks and a sports zone.

"It's an attempt to try to make it feel smaller, because you don't want the passengers to feel like they're just a commodity," Collette told LiveScience.

When you look under the hood, however, the giant cruise ship is pretty basic. "Most of the innovation of the ship is the size and the passenger amenities," Collette said. "In terms of the propelling machinery, the design of the ship, it's all very similar to the cruise ships that have come before. There's not a lot of new ground here."

Such a leviathan presents other issues, including figuring out an evacuation plan for so many passengers and being able to fit into ports.

Should we expect an even larger ship any time soon?

"Whether this ship is the limit I don't know," Collette said. "Because the economy has kind of turned south since they signed the contract for this ship, I don't think anyone is going to challenge it for the record in the next three to four years." ( livescience.com )



READ MORE - How the World's Largest Cruise Ship Floats

Jamie Oliver's pasta sauce has more salt than TEN bags of crisps


Jamie Oliver's pasta sauce has more salt than TEN bags of crisps. Jamie Oliver has been accused of giving shoppers a salt overdose in his big brand sauces.

Research by health campaigners found the salt in a portion of his Spicy Olive, Garlic and Tomato Pasta Sauce is equivalent to more than ten bags of ready-salted crisps.

The sauce contained 3g of salt per 100g, making it more salty than sea water.

Consuming half a jar would equate to 5.3g of salt, which is 88 per cent of the maximum amount an adult is recommended to eat in a day.

Loyd Grossman has also been named and shamed in a study published by Consensus Action on Salt and Health (CASH).

His bolognese sauce contains 1.5g of salt per 100g, five times more than the level found in Asda's Good For You Bolognese.

Celebrity chef Jamie Oliver
Under fire: Jamie Oliver's pasta sauce is more salty than the sea

Government watchdog the Food Standards Agency claims the nation is consuming far too much salt, leading to an epidemic of high blood pressure and strokes.

CASH found that brands associated with TV celebrities generally had more salt than supermarket own-label sauces.

The level in Oliver's pasta sauce was some 30 times the figure in WeightWatchers' Roasted Garlic Pasta Sauce.

Oliver's Green Pesto Sauce also contains 3g of salt per 100g, although it is eaten in smaller quantities.

Food firms insist salt is used for good reasons, both because it delivers the taste that customers want and, often, as a preservative.

The unhealthy options - Jamie Oliver graphic

However, CASH said manufacturers should be able to bring the salt level down to match those it considers to be best.

CASH chairman, Graham MacGregor, a professor of cardiovascular medicine, said: 'Atlantic seawater has 2.5g of salt per 100g. A couple of Jamie Oliver's sauces are even higher than that.

'I think one problem is that a lot of the famous chefs unknowingly are salt addicts. They get used to eating lots of it and their salt taste receptors get suppressed.

'It would be really interesting to measure Jamie's daily intake of salt.'

The Oliver pasta product says half a jar equals one serving.

However, a spokesman for the chef said this would be enough for two or three people.

He added: 'Jamie spent a lot of time working on these sauces and they are designed to be eaten in the Italian way - one jar with at least 500g of pasta - feeding four to six people.

'Because they are more concentrated than rivals you don't need as much and the salt content is dissipated.'

• The BBC is to broadcast a five-part series celebrating the 40-year career of Delia Smith. Starting in January, Delia Through The Decades will assess the impact she has had on our eating habits.

( dailymail.co.uk )


READ MORE - Jamie Oliver's pasta sauce has more salt than TEN bags of crisps

New lung cancer wonder drug offers cure hope for deadliest form of disease


New lung cancer wonder drug offers cure hope for deadliest form of disease. A new lung cancer drug that can cure the deadliest form of the disease is being developed by scientists.

The treatment, which appears to have no side affects, killed all traces of the 'small cell' version of the cancer in more than 50 per cent of the British trials on laboratory mice. It also blocked the cells' ability to resist standard chemotherapy treatment.

A fifth of lung cancer patients have the 'small cell' form, in which the tumours spread so quickly they can rarely be removed. Only 3 per cent of sufferers can expect to survive five years after diagnosis.

Professor Michael Seckl, head of Molecular Oncology and Lung Cancer Research at Imperial College, which led the research, said he hoped to start clinical trials with human patients as early as next year.

Breakthrough: Scientists hope to test the new drug on humans next year
Breakthrough: Scientists hope to test the new drug on humans next year

'Lung cancer is the most common cancer killer in the world and over 100 people in the UK are diagnosed with the disease every day,' he said.

'Around one in five of those people will have small cell lung cancer. Although it responds to chemotherapy initially, the tumours soon become resistant to treatment and sadly nearly all people with the disease do not survive.'

The drug, currently known by the codename PD173074, wiped out 50 per cent of 'small cell' lung cancer tumours in one strain of laboratory mice. In other animals it slowed the growth of tumours and prevented them becoming resistant to chemotherapy treatment.


READ MORE - New lung cancer wonder drug offers cure hope for deadliest form of disease

Brazil nuts 'could raise the risk of heart disease'


Brazil nuts 'could raise the risk of heart disease'. Brazil nuts have been hailed as a tasty way of building up the immune system and even protecting against cancer.

But the health-boosting mineral they contain may also push up cholesterol levels and raise the risk of heart disease, researchers claim.


Warning: A mineral in Brazil nuts could raise cholesterol levels


Warning: Selenium - a trace mineral found in Brazil nuts - could raise cholesterol levels


The findings came in a study suggesting that a high level in the blood of selenium - a trace mineral found naturally in Brazil nuts, grain, fish and meat - increases cholesterol levels.

Those found in tests to have the highest level of the mineral in their blood were regularly taking dietary supplements containing selenium.

However, eating large quantities of Brazil nuts and selenium-rich foods might have the same effect.

Researchers at Warwick University say they have discovered that high selenium levels are 'associated' with a 10 per cent rise in cholesterol.

The warning emerges from data on 1,042 people aged 19 to 64 who took part in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey between 2000 and 2001.

In those with blood selenium concentrations higher than 1.20micromoles per litre, the levels of total cholesterol were raised by an average of 8 per cent. Levels of a 'bad' type of cholesterol associated with heart disease were increased by 10 per cent.

The study did not take account of the health of individuals or whether they were taking cholesterol-lowering drugs.


High cholesterol levels are a risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Brazil nuts are exceptionally rich in selenium, although average intake of the mineral in the UK is only around half the recommended level.

Dr Saverio Stranges, who led the study reported in the Journal of Nutrition, said: 'We believe that the widespread use of selenium supplements, or of any other strategy that artificially increases selenium status above the level required, is unwarranted at the present time.'

Dr Carrie Ruxton, independent nutrition adviser to the industry-backed Health Supplements Information Service, said the study authors admitted they couldn't be sure whether the association they found 'was due to increased dietary selenium or other factors'.

She added: 'It is premature to suggest at this stage that taking selenium supplements is harmful for heart health.' ( dailymail.co.uk )


READ MORE - Brazil nuts 'could raise the risk of heart disease'

The man I loved is dead


Lauren Booth thanks God her husband survived a horrific motorbike crash but confesses: The man I loved is dead...

My mobile phone was ringing. It was 1.30am and I was struggling to wake up.

Maybe I wouldn't answer it. Something made me reach out into the darkness. 'Mrs Darby?' 'Yes?' 'It's the police.

'Your husband's had an accident. Can you tell us how to reach you from the village?'

The next hour passed in slow motion. Two policemen appeared at the front door. It was pouring with rain.

Lauren Booth pictured with husband Craig

Lauren Booth, pictured with husband Craig, says she is now like thousands of others - a carer, the sole earner and married to a disabled husband

The lie; 'he's fine, fine', followed by an exchange of looks that made my flesh creep.

The date is forever etched on my mind: April 24, 2009. Dazed, I invited the two officers inside.

Six years earlier, Craig and I had stood on the very same threshold, looking forward to starting our new life in our beautiful farmhouse in the Dordogne. Had our dream come to a tragic end?

I invited the officers into the living room. They told me that Craig - who had been to a birthday party in our village - had somehow come off his motorbike.

Later, I found out he had swerved and hit a post. To this day, we don't know why.

I managed to make them coffee. Eventually they stood up to leave. After a series of (false) assurances, one of them said: 'Actually, your husband's in a coma, he has a serious head injury.'

Then they handed me a bag of his clothes and left. My husband's leather jacket, shredded across the arms and chest.

His jeans, soaking wet, torn from ankle to hip. His T-shirt, still smelling of aftershave, rags. Craig had left the scene of the accident with his clothes cut away. In a coma. I was too shocked to cry.

I needed to hold the man I had loved for two decades in his hour of great need. I had to tell him I still loved him - despite everything.

 LAUREN BOOTH WITH HUSBAND CRAIG

Lauren and husband Craig smile for the camera before his accident while in the South of France

You see, we hadn't been happy before the accident. We'd been together 20 years and married for nine, but the previous six months had been one long crisis.

Nothing seemed to work, and even an innocent opening gambit of 'do you want a tea' seemed to end in a 'we should talk' nightmare.

Craig - I found out much later - had gone a good way down the legal route towards filing for a divorce.

For my part, our increasingly bitter arguments had led me down the altogether cheaper (and more cowardly) route of changing my Facebook status from 'married' to 'single'.

It was a childish act and one, naively, I expected no one to notice. But inevitably news spread through our small French town and Craig was teased by a local while enjoying a drink.

He was not pleased. We were in marital limbo. A hellish place of lingering love and hateful indecision.

But now Craig's life was at risk and I knew only that I loved him absolutely. We were not going to be parted like this.

By 4am, I still had no idea where exactly Craig was. He wasn't at our local hospital and endless phone calls got me nowhere.

At daybreak, dazed and not knowing whether he was dead or alive, I crawled into bed beside the children. When the news came, it was not good.

Craig had been taken to a specialist hospital two hours away. He was in a profound coma, had a serious brain injury and had fractured the top vertebrae of his spine. He might not survive the next 24 hours.

LAUREN BOOTH PICTURED WITH HER CHILDREN, HOLLY AND ALEX
Uncertain future: Lauren with her daughters Alex, eight, and Holly, six, as they wait for Craig to recover in France

Seeing Craig utterly still, shaved bald, in the emergency ward, I sensed he wasn't going to die. But I had no idea what lay ahead.

One thing was clear; our happy life in France was over. We'd moved to the Dordogne with our baby daughters, Alex and Holly, in 2003.

Our farmhouse was rustic, the garden full of wonders, and after a year we even had a pool fitted which completed the 'dream'.

We'd met at drama school in 1989 and had a joyfully passionate affair. We had huge fun together.

Perhaps that's why I was so optimistic when Craig first opened his eyes in hospital.

Naively, I thought the worst was over when he first smiled, tubes protruding from his nose, throat and brain, and managed to lisp: 'I love you.' The fact he recognised me and was able to speak filled me with elation.

Back in those traumatised weeks in May and June, I was unaware that the man I had known for 20 years was effectively dead.

Or that soon, another Craig, one I had never met before but who now inhabited his body and mind, would be returning home.

Obviously, Craig's doctors were French - and although I have a good command of the language in everyday terms, following his treatment programme was difficult.

Lauren

Status - happily married: Lauren with husband Craig in Australia before his motorbike accident

He was in a coma for two weeks - it took him a month to get out of bed. He was partially-sighted as a result of lesions on his brain.

The day after he emerged from the coma, he was clearly in pain and yanked the tubes from his throat.

When nurses said his recovery would be slow, Craig sat up and tried to climb off the bed to prove them wrong.

Within just six weeks, he was walking unaided and holding short conversations. He learned to feed himself, to dress and to use sentences again.

I was proud that my tough husband - a former paratrooper - was doing just what I had known he would do; reject wheelchairs and force himself to walk ever longer distances despite his spinal injuries.

Here and there came flashes of the charming wide boy I had fallen in love with. Like the time he reached towards a rather well endowed nurse's cleavage, giving us both a very sweet wink as his hand hovered mid air.

When she slapped his hand away, he said in a clear Craig-like laugh: 'Well, can't blame a patient for trying.'

But even in those early days, deep down I sensed that I didn't have Craig back in his entirety.

What I didn't realise then was that he would never return. It's funny the things you miss in a person. With Craig it was his practicality, his patience and his strength that I found myself yearning for.

Booth

Family life: Lauren and Craig with their children Alexandra, left, and Holly

The way he would rugby tackle me in the garden if I was sulky. Saving me at the last moment from certain injury magically rolling me to one side, my only ache around my middle from the entirely begrudging laughter.

And the passion. Well, it had remained all-encompassing - despite our differences - irritatingly so, right up to the week of the accident.

We didn't have to be getting on to have an incredible relationship in private. We were each other's 'grand' passion, and the passage of the years, not to mention his broken nose and my love handles, hadn't changed that at all.

Three months after the accident, Craig came home. It was my 42nd birthday and I was delighted.

I was meant to pick him up, but he'd arranged for a neighbour to collect him to surprise me. He could walk - five or ten steps without becoming confused - and he was able to talk.

I knew then that he needed me and the girls to get him on the road to recovery. All other thoughts about our relationship went out the window.

Even now, I can't engage with thoughts about the fact that we might have divorced before the accident. I've had to focus on his recovery.

I can't address our relationship problems consciously or subconsciously. There are more important things at stake.

Before the accident,

living with my husband had become like sharing a home

with an aggressive, energetic, sulky and highly-sexed teenage lover.

Now I find myself caring for a sweet, generous,

charming (did I say sweet?), affectionate little brother.

If I started thinking about all of that I just wouldn't get out of bed in the morning. And if I don't get out of bed - if I waver for a second in my smiling confidence - Craig drops into such a depression it's frightening.

As to whether or not we'll stay together, it's like trying to see the end of the universe - it's impossible right now.

I have focussed on seeking answers as to what to expect from Craig long-term.

Websites devoted to brain trauma advice are full of upsetting case studies. I have learnt that any brain function you care to mention can be disrupted by impact trauma.

The emotions are commonly affected, movement can be impaired, memories lost and so much more which only becomes clear as time wears on.

Again the doctors were perfunctory with their advice, telling me that there would be a day when their work would be done and mine and my family's would begin.

On Craig's first night home, despite his utter exhaustion, he insisted on cooking a meal - duck in red wine sauce - for me.

He'd always been an extraordinary cook, but, as he shut the oven door, he turned to me, looking lost, depleted. I'd never seen him look like that before - like a child who'd lost his parents at the supermarket.

Feeling a cold pang of disappointment, I led him to the bedroom for a nap. He fell into bed, saying: 'Thank you so much for understanding - don't know why I feel so tired.'

It was only the tip of the iceberg. A month after Craig's return home, I was back online, seeking advise for the mounting, emotional 'symptoms' that Craig had begun to exhibit.


Booth

Lauren Booth with husband Craig and daughters in Australia

They included excessive sleepiness, depression, irritability, emotional outbursts, disturbed sleep and diminished libido.

In general, symptoms of traumatic brain injury should lessen as the brain heals. But sometimes the symptoms worsen because of the patient's inability to adapt to the brain injury.

For this and other reasons, it is not uncommon for psychological problems to arise. Major depression is common after such a trauma. Feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness can rapidly descend on the brain injured.

Looking back, Craig slipped into depression soon after returning home. It was the summer holidays and he'd wanted to drink beer with his friends in the evening, but his anti-epilepsy drugs didn't allow it. 'Just one?' he'd plead with me.

And then there was the fact that the children, sensing his fragility, never called to him for help. It was always: 'Mummy, Mummy, Mummy.' It broke my heart when he said: 'They don't need me any more. I'm useless.'

As for me, I struggled with the fact that Craig, quite simply, wasn't himself any more.

Craig had been the optimist. He could diminish petty arguments and light up a room. He'd always been fabulously brave, hating 'whingers'. But the new Craig was full of fear and anxiety.

Five months after the accident, the girls and I encouraged him to have a swim - on the advice of the doctors.

Despite the 40 degree heat, he stood, thin and shuddering on the diving board, eyes wide with anxiety. I had to look away. I broke down into silent sobs, as I realised my husband would never be the same again.

Later, I would learn that even his most basic likes and dislikes had changed. For example, before the the crash, in two decades I had never heard Craig pass wind.

He thought it gross, improper in front of women and it was the only thing he didn't like about hanging out with rugby-playing peers, who found the subject childishly amusing.

Now, he makes jokes about it all the time. It's the slapstick humour thing I've read about, where brain injuries block out subtleties in facial expressions, vocal tones, and jokes, too. A kind of social autism.

Six months on, every day is an uphill struggle. On top of my usual workload, I now have to manage a partially-sighted husband, the bills, my job, the children and paperwork. There are frequent frights to deal with.

Recently, Craig had a specialist appointment regarding his neck injury.

We had just parked when he got out of the car, smashed into the car side and collided with the children. He told me he was now totally blind except for a tiny keyhole of light in his right eye.

The girls and I took his arms, guiding him up stairs, into lifts, finally into the specialist's office.

The doctor took one look at Craig and talked about psychiatric help. His blindness was not a physical problem, but a temporary one caused by stress and a fear of doctors.

And then there's the fact that his passion has quelled - replaced by gentle affection.

When he sleeps during the day, sometimes for hours at a time on the sofa, so he can be in the same room as me, I lay a warmed towel on him to give him comfort.

I cook curries to remind him of better times and I try to shield him from the worries of daily life.

But we have great laughs together. When I cut his nails and gather the pieces into a towel on my lap, he asks: 'What are you going to do with those?'

I reply: 'Make them into a cake.' And instead of passionate afternoons of love, we laugh at disgusting bodily functions.

But looking on the bright side - and you have to look on the bright side when you find yourself in the role of caring for an adult - the man I now live with, with his diminished eyesight, is utterly convinced that: a) I am 'almost too skinny'; b) young; and c) utterly gorgeous!

And I must say there is a lot about the new Craig that's adorable.

Before the accident, living with my husband had become like sharing a home with an aggressive, energetic, sulky and highly-sexed teenage lover.

Now I find myself caring for a sweet, generous, charming (did I say sweet?), affectionate little brother.

The children meanwhile appreciate New Dad. He lets them watch as much TV as possible and he spends hours playing games with them.

I am trying to find a way of being thankful for many of the changes to Craig's character. Not to deny what happened to him, but to deal with it.

His latest brain scan last week told us the physical lesions are healing but remain severe.

His neck is perfect and his back will always cause him some pain. He will never play rugby again, he can't run or work for another six months. He is partially blind and in constant pain.

It has taken this long to come to terms with the fact my husband is dead. The Craig I knew - the adventurer who knew no pain, who was full of hope for the future - never made it out of intensive care in Bordeaux.

That man's spirit fled the shattered body on the hospital bed.

In any long relationship there comes a time when a partner will look at the other and wonder: 'If I met you now - would I like you?'

Today, this question rumbles around my brain, unwanted, painful, testing my commitment.

Before, I was an independent wife, able to work away from home. I was in a passionate relationship.

Now, like thousands of others, I am a carer, the sole earner, married to a disabled husband, who may suffer long-term emotional problems.

I miss my dead husband, his passion and bravery. I am slowly learning to love the new one. (dailymail.co.uk )



READ MORE - The man I loved is dead